Gélinas C, Fortier M, Viens C, Fillion L, Puntillo KA. Pain assessment and management in critically ill intubated patients: a retrospective study. Am J Crit Care. 2004;13:126-135. 

Puntillo KA, White C, Morris AB, et al. Patients' perceptions and responses to procedural pain: results from Thunder Project II. Am J Crit Care. 2001;10:238-251.

Gélinas C, Johnston C. Pain assessment in the critically ill ventilated adult:validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool and physiologic indicators. Clin J Pain. 2007 Jul-Aug;23(6):497-505.

Gélinas C. Nurses' evaluations of the feasibility and the clinical utility of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. Pain Manag Nurs. 2010 Jun;11(2):115-25.

Vázquez M, Pardavila MI, Lucia M, Aguado Y, Margall MÁ, Asiain MC. Pain assessment in turning procedures for patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Nurs Crit Care. 2011 Jul-Aug;16(4):178-85

Stites M. Observational pain scales in critically ill adults. Crit Care Nurse. 2013 Jun;33(3):68-78.

Gélinas C. Management of pain in cardiac surgery ICU patients: have we improved over time? Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2007 Oct;23(5):298-303. Epub 2007 Apr 19.

Gelinas C, Fillion L, Puntillo K, Viens C, Fortier M. Validation of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool in adult patients. Am J Crit Care. 2006;15:420-427.

Buttes P, Keal G, Cronin SN, Stocks L, Stout C. Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult critically ill patients. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2014 Mar-Apr;33(2):78-81.

Echegaray-Benites C, Kapoustina O, Gélinas C. Validation of the use of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) with brain surgery patients in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2014. Oct;30(5):257-65.

Gélinas C, Harel F, Fillion L, Puntillo KA, Johnston CC. Sensitivity and specificity of the critical-care pain observation tool for the detection of pain in intubated adults after cardiac surgery. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009 Jan;37(1):58-67.

Rijkenberg S, et. al. Pain measurement in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: Behavioral Pain Scale versus Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool. J Crit Care. 2015 Feb;30(1):167-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.007. Epub 2014 Sep 22.

Dr. Céline Gélinas

Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)

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Rates critically ill patients&rsquo; pain based on clinical observation.

CPOT Pain Scale

Benjamin H. Slovis, MD, MA, is an emergency medicine physician and board certified clinical informaticist. He is the Associate Chief Medical Information Officer of the Northern Region, and Emergency Medicine Shared Clinical Services of Jefferson Health in Philadelphia, PA. A native of New Jersey, Dr. Slovis attended Cornell University for his undergraduate studies and received his MD from UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He completed his residency at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and a National Library of Medicine Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship with a masters degree from the department of Biomedical Informatics at Columbia University. His research interests include clinical decision support systems, health-information exchange, and medical education.

Benjamin Slovis, MD

The Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) rates critically ill patients’ pain based on clinical observation.

Nonverbal Pain Scale

Behavioral Pain Scale

Morphine Milligram Equivalents

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) focuses on the health, safety, and well-being of infants, children, and young adults. With about 67,000 members, including pediatricians, medical subspecialists, and surgical specialists, the AAP supports optimal care. Over 45,000 members are board-certified Fellows of the AAP (FAAP). Its mission is to promote children's health and well-being while supporting members' professional needs.

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

The American Association for Physician Leadership&reg; (AAPL) is the world&rsquo;s oldest and largest professional association dedicated solely to maximizing physician leadership.&nbsp;From the moment physicians begin their leadership journey through the time they are seasoned leaders, AAPL provides education and training, resources and tools, and content and experiences needed to close gaps between hands-on clinical care, organization system improvements and optimized business outcomes.

American Association for Physician Leadership (AAPL)

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) represents more than 38,000 emergency physicians, emergency medicine residents and medical students. ACEP promotes the highest quality of emergency care and is the leading advocate for emergency physicians and their patients, and the public. Members may earn up to 850 continuing medical education hours every year through ACEP&rsquo;s robust catalog of peer-reviewed publications and on-demand courses presented by world-renowned emergency medicine experts.

American College Of Emergency Physicians

The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) supports clinicians in delivering high-quality, evidence-based care to gastroenterology patients. Its mission is to advance care for those with gastrointestinal disorders through excellence, innovation, and advocacy. ACG provides members with up-to-date scientific information through annual meetings, the American Journal of Gastroenterology, training courses, and research grants, focusing on digestive health and GI disorder treatments.

American College of Gastroenterology

American College of Rheumatology

The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), founded in 1897, provides leadership and education to over 16,000 members worldwide, all dedicated to advancing gastroenterology. The AGA&rsquo;s mission is to empower clinicians and researchers to improve digestive health through clinical guidance, practice resources, and peer-reviewed research. Key journals include Gastroenterology, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and others.

American Gastroenterological Association

American Heart Association

American Urological Association

EB Medicine is the premier provider of evidence-based clinical content and CME resources for emergency medicine practitioners.

EB Medicine

MDCalc CME

Postgraduate Institute for Medicine

The Rome Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the diagnosis and treatment of Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBI), also known as functional gastrointestinal disorders. Its mission is to improve the lives of people with DGBI. For over 30 years, the Rome Foundation has worked with scientists and clinicians worldwide to classify and assess GI function and dysfunction, creating symptom-based criteria used in clinical trials and daily practice to guide diagnosis and treatment.

The ROME Foundation

Listen to the VACO co-creators break down how to use VACO\, what it does\, and what it doesn’t.

Calc Function

Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT)